Interview Questions on Software testing

Software Testing Interview Questions

Here are some of the most common Software testing Interview Questions asked during Interviews.

1) How do you define the job responsibilities of a software tester?
2) What are the entire different software testing applications do you know?
3) Describe about a major obstacle you found during testing an application or a program?
4) Why do you like testing rather than programming?
5) What do you think is the future of this industry?
6) What are the problems you faced when you automated testing tool?
7) Explain how you can activate the test case design and explain us the possibility of the process?
8) What are all the test principles you advise to a programmer?
9) Describe some common problems you face during testing?
10) What are all the testing projects you have handled?
11) How do you determine the working of specific tools work with your application?
12) What are the different tools available for testing during software development cycle?
13) What so you mean by synchronization and how do you implement it win load runner?
14) Why should win load runner be used and what are the advantages of it? Explain a case scenario when you used it?
15) Compare win runner to other products in the market?
16) What is the difference between context sensitive and analog recordings?
17) Explain to me about test director?
18) Give differences between Test Director and win runner?
19) What are the possible ways to check a bitmap?
20) State the different databases on which Test director can reside on?
While answering these questions to the interviewer it is very imperative to answer these questions in detail. Interviewer wants to know the amount of information you know and he will be very pleased if you can answer to him thoroughly. In most of the interviews there will be a written test on passing that test you will be put through a one-one interview. In a one-one interview you will be asked on various topics and issues.
21) Explain what is a module and the features and uses of compile module?
22) When should you use verify/update and debug modes?
23) Explain about a batch test and when do you use it?
24) Explain to us about the various projects you have performed using win runner?
25) What is a test data and what is the effective way to manage it?
26) Can win runner be used for testing web and web applications?
27) What is the difference between a quality analysis and quality check?
28) What are the different test cases you formulate when there are no documents or data for the test case schedule?
29) Explain about back end testing and Unit testing?
30) State and explain about Defect life cycle?
31) Explain about the bug life cycle?
32) What is a traceability matrix and how is it done?
33) If the test scenario involves a login screen how will you test it?
These are some of the questions which can help you in preparation to the testing interview. If you don’t understand a particular question ask the interviewer he will be the right person to guide you.

Interview Questions on Unix Commands

Unix Commands Interview Questions

1) State and explain about features of UNIX?
UNIX operating system originally was developed in 1969. This is an open source operating system developed by AT&T. It is widely used in work stations and servers. It is designed to be multi tasking, multi user and portable. UNIX has many several components packed together.

2) Explain about sh?
Sh is the command line interpreter and it is the primary user interface. This forms the programmable command line interpreter. After windows appeared it still retained the programmable characteristics.

3) Explain about system and user utilities?
There are two utilities they are system and user utilities. System utilities contain administrative tools such as mkfs, fsck, etc. Where as user utilities contain features such as passwd, kill, etc. It basically contains environment values.

4) Explain about document formatting?
UNIX systems were primarily used for typesetting systems and document formatting. Modern UNIX systems used packages such as Tex and Ghostscript. It uses some of the programs such as nroff, tbl, troff, refer, eqn and pic. Document formatting is very used because it forms the base of UNIX.

5) Explain about communication features in UNIX?
Early UNIX systems used inter user communication programs mail and write commands. They never contained a fully embedded inter user communication features. Systems with BSD included TCP/IP protocols.

6) Explain about chmod options filename?
This command allows you to change, write, read and execute permissions on your file. Changes can be done to the file system but at times you need to change permissions for the file systems. At times files should be executable for viewing the files.

7) Explain about gzip filename?
Gzip filename is used to compress the files so that those files take up less space. The size of the file actually gets reduced to half their size but they might also depend upon about the file size and nature of the file systems. Files using gzip file name end with .gz.

8) Explain about refer?
Refer was written in Bell Laboratories and it is implemented as a troff preprocessor. This program is used managing bibliographic references and it is used to cite them in troff documents. It is offered in most of the UNIX packages. It refers with text and reference file.

9) Explain about lpr filename?
This command is used to print a file. If you want to change the default print you can change the printer by using the P option. For double sided print you can use lpr-Pvalkyr-d. This is very useful command in UNIX present in many packages.

10) Explain about lprm job number?
This command is used to remove documents from the printer queue. The job number or the queue number can be found by using lpq. Printer name should be specified but this is not necessary if you want to use your default printer.

11) Brief about the command ff?
This command finds files present anywhere on the system. This command is used to find document location where you forgot the directory in which you kept the file but you do remember about the name. This command is not restricted in finding files it displays files and documents relevant to the name.

12) Brief about finger username?
This command is used to give information about the user; it gives out a profile about the user. This command is very useful for administrators as it gives the log information, email, current log information, etc. finger also displays information such as phone number and name when they use a file called .plan.

13) Explain about the command elm?
This command lets you to send email message from your system. This command is not the only one which sends email there are lots of other messenger systems which can facilitate the process of sending a mail. This command behaves differently on different machines.

14) Brief about the command kill PID?
This command ends the process to which it was assigned (ID). This command cannot be used in multi systems in the network. ID can be obtained by the command ps. This command ignores completely the state at which the process is it kills the process.

15) Explain about the command lynx?
This command helps you to browse web from an ordinary terminal. Text can be seen but not the pictures. URL can be assigned as an argument to the G command. Help section can be obtained by pressing H and Q makes the program to quit.

16) Brief about the command nn?
This command allows you to read the news. First you can read about the local news and then the remote news. "nnl” command makes or allows you to read local news and nnr command is used to read remote news. Manual and help information is available with many popular packages.

17) Brief about ftp hostname?
This command lets you download information, documents, etc from a remote ftp. First it is important to configure an FTP for the process to begin. Some of the important commands relevant to the usage of FTP are as follows get, put, mget, mput, etc. If you are planning to transfer files other than ASCII defined it is imperative to use binary mode.

Interview Questions on Unix

Unix Interview Questions

1) What exactly is UNIX?
UNIX is written in C and it is portable. It runs on a range of computers from microprocessors to the largest mainframes. The source code is available and written in high level language which makes it easy to adapt for a particular requirement.
2) Explain about the return key?
Return Key signifies the end of a line of input; it must be presses before the system will interpret the characters you have types. It serves as an example of control character return key can be typed by holding the control key and typing M.
3) Explain about DELETE and BREAK?
These keys have significant meaning sometimes DELETE is called as RUBOUT key. Break is sometimes called INTERRUPT. In most SYSTEMS the delete key stops a program immediately, without waiting for it to finish on some systems, Ctrl-C provides this service. Break is a synonym for DELETE or CTRL-C.

4) Explain about TYPE-ahead?
The kernel reads what you type as you type it, even if it’s busy with something else, so you can type as fast as you want, whenever you want, even when some command is printing at you. Your I/P characters will appear intermixed with the O/P characters but they will be stored away and interpreted in the correct order.

5) How to get a computer aided instruction?
Your system may have a command called learn which provides computer aided instruction on the file system and basic commands, the editor, document preparation and even “C” programming. IF $learn exists on your system, it will teach you what to do from there.

6) Explain about cat?
Cat is the simplest of all the printing commands. Cat prints the contents of all the files named by its arguments. The named file or files are catenated the terminal one after another with nothing between. You have to be quick with CTRL-S to stop O/P from cat before it flows off your screen.

7) How to search files for lines that match a pattern?
Grep command searches for files for lines which match a pattern.
E.g. g/regular expression/p.grep will also look for lines that don’t match the pattern, when the option-V is sued. grep can be used to search several files in that case it will prefix the filename.

8) Describe about the root file system?
The root file system has to be present for the system to execute /bin, /dev, and /etc are always kept on the root system because when the system starts only files in the root system are accessible and some files such as /bin/sh are needed to run at all. During the boot strap operation, all the file systems are checked for self consistency and attached to the root systems.

9) Explain about ZAP?
ZAP, which selectively kills processes, is another program. The main problem with that version is speed; it creates so many processes that it runs slowly, which is especially undesirable for a program that kills errant processes rewriting ZAP in C will make it faster.

10) Suppose that you are using a terminal in which the screen size is bigger than the normal 24 lines. If you want to use p and take full advantage of your terminal capabilities what choices are open to you?
You have to specify the screen size each time you use P. $P-36.
Also you could put a shell file in your bin.
$cat/usr/you/bin/p
Exec/usr/bin/p-36$*
$
Another solution is to modify p to use an environment variable that defines the properties of your terminal.

11) Explain abut low-level I/O?
The lowest of I/O is a direct entry into the O.S. your program reads or writes files in chunks of any convenient size. The kernel buffers your data into chunks that match the peripheral devices and schedule operations on the devices to optimize their performance over all users.

12) What are the special arrangements to make a terminal i/p and o/p?
When it is started by the shell, a program inherits three open files, with file descriptor 0, 1 and 2 called the standard i/p, the standard o/p, and the standard error. If the program reads “0” and writes descriptors 1 and 2, it can do I/O without opening files.

13) Explain about read slow?
One can call to read return 0 which signals the end of file life, if data is written on that file then a subsequent read will be able to find more bytes available. This observation is the basis of a program called readslow which continues to read its input, regardless of whether it got an end of file or not. Readslow is handy for watching the progress of the file.

14) What function does “errno” do?
Sometimes it is nice to know what specific error occurred; for this purpose all system calls, when appropriate, leave an error number in an external integer called calls, when appropriate, leave an error number in an external integer called errno. By using errno, your program can, for example, determine whether an attempt to open a file failed because it did not exist or because you lacked permission to read it.

15) Describe the process of “spname”?
The operation of spname is straightforward enough, although there are a lot of boundary conditions to get right. Suppose the file name is /d1/d2/f. The basic ideas is to peel off the first component (/), then search that directory for a name close to the nest component (dl), then search that directory for something near d2, and so on, until a match has been found for each component. If at any stage there isn’t a plausible candidate in the directory, the search is abandoned.

16) Explain about fork?
Splitting is done by a system call named fork. Proc_id = fork (); splits the program into two copies, both of which continue to run. The only difference between the two is the value returned by fork, the process-id. Two copies of the program are made by the fork. In the child, the value returned by fork is zero, so it calls execlp, which does the command line and then dies. In the parent, fork returns non-zero so it skips the execlp.

17) What is the easiest way to store variables and explain?
The easiest way to store the values of the variables is in a 26-element array; the single-letter variable name can be used to index the array. But if the grammar is to process both variable names and values in the same stack, yacc has to be told that its stack contains a union of a double and an int, not just a double.

Interview Questions on Oracle SQL

Oracle SQL Interview Questions

These are some of the questions based on databases. These questions cover oracle and SQL questions. Preparing for the interview has to be much planned approach and we hope that you get benefited by some of the questions described here: -

1) What is a relational database management system?
When answering these types of questions you need to answer them in a very detailed manner because everyone in your group can answer them without any difficulty. There should be difference between your approach and the other candidates. Interview candidate should try to present all the information he has in a very detailed and step by step manner. A professional approach should be present.

2) What do you know about normalization? Explain in detail?

3) Explain the difference between a procedure and a function? What do you understand by those terms?

4) Explain about functional dependency and its relation with table design?

5) Explain the different normalization forms?
Remember how you answer shortens your technical interview you are trying to convince the interviewer that you are a suitable candidate for the job.

6) What are the different types of trigger and explain its various uses and functions?

7) Are truncate and delete commands same? If so why?

8) Compare and contrast between SQL and SQL server and explain its various functions?

9) What is a query and state the different types of queries and their uses?

10) Explain about your project and its relation the current job position you are applying to?

11) How different is MS Access and Oracle?

12) What is a cluster and non cluster index?

13) State the difference between a primary key and foreign key?

14) State all possible different index configurations a table can possibly have?

15) What is a cursor and what are the steps need to be taken?
If possible while answering this question try to explain him the various steps in an order.

16) Why do you use stored procedures and state some of its disadvantages?

17) State the various uses of DBCC command?

18) What is a collation and state the different types of collation sensitivity?

19) What are the uses of linked server and explain it in detail?

20) State and explain about the different types of data models?

21) State and explain about oracle instance?

22) Explain about achiever in SQL?

23) What are the different Pseudo commands? Explain in general?

24) State some uses of redo log files?
These are some of the most important questions and there are chances of it being asked in an interview which is: -
1) Explain what you understand of a primary key and a unique key and explain the differences between them?
2) Explain about the commands Truncate and Delete?
3) Which operating system you are comfortable to use for databases?
4) Do you like command language or GUI?
5) State and explain some of the properties of Sub-Query?
6) What are the different types of user defined functions you can create?
7) What do you understand by log shipping explain the process?
8) State and explain the different types of replication?
9) Explain the cases or situations where you use de-normalization?

Interview Questions on EJB

EJB Interview Questions

1) Explain about the concept of EJB?
EJB is a complex subject and it requires patience to master it. This is used for Enterprise construction of applications. It is a server side component and architecture. The main role which EJB functions is, it hides the business logic of an application.

2) Name some common roles which EJB performs?
Enterprise Java Beans is used chiefly for encapsulating the business logic of an application. It handles problems such as security, persistence and transactional integrity of applications. It solves these major three problems of developers thus allowing them to freely concentrate on the problem at hand.

3) Explain about POJOs which form a part of EJB?
Plain old java objects are nothing but java objects. EJB3 has implemented POJOs. It gives a feel to the developers about the old objects and names used in programming. This makes a developer comfortable rather than to use fancy names for the same old application or function.

4) Explain in detail about stateless session bean?
Concurrent access to a bean can be possible by using stateless session bean because they don’t have a state associated with them. This bean is less resource intensive due to lack of overhead which negates its functionality in calling a conversation with the program.

5) Explain about stateful session Beans?
Stateful session beans have a state and they are distributed objects, because of them having a state they keep a track record of the calling program. This session should be carefully programmed because it may tell you about the status and presence of the customer during checkout.

6) Explain the difference between Container managed persistence and Bean managed persistence?
If the persistent state was managed by a container present in a bean then it is called as Container managed persistence. If the own state was managed by a bean then it is called as Bean managed persistence. The chief difference lies between the management of the state by the bean or by the container.

7) Explain about Entity bean and its features?
Entity Bean is a sever side component belonging to J2EE. Persistence can be managed either by Container or a Bean; these functions are present in Entity bean. Mostly it can be identified or sorted by a primary key. Remote references can survive a crash and can be trusted as a second source for storing data.

8) Explain about message driven beans?
Message driven beans are primarily used to handle asynchronous JMS messages which require integration of EJB and Java messaging services. These beans behave asynchronously. Handling of an operation which does not require instant reply or response is made easy by message driven beans.

9) Explain about the process of execution of EJBs?
EJB or Enterprise Java beans are always present in EJB container which is in turn present in an application server. Interaction of the EJB with the container and client code with container or EJB depends upon the specification. They are always included in applications in the form of javax.ejb.

10) Explain about instance methods?
Instance methods are placed in component interface and they are attached to specific instance. There nature of being Java instances makes EJB to generate classes for these instances which act as a proxy. Code from the client end is required to invoke the method present on the generated proxies which places method arguments onto a message and this message is sent to the EJB server.

11) Explain about class methods?
Home interface declares class methods. They are not used to find an existing entity and neither are they tied to a specific instance. These are not used for creating an EJB instance.

12) Explain about factory method?
It is an OOD pattern and deals with designing of the objects without specifying the class of the object which would be the final end product. A separate method is defined which will be used for creating an object and this can be easily overwritten by sub classes. This method is useful in getting the desired end product.

13) Explain about the transactions feature present in EJB?
ACID transactions and bean managed transactions should be supported by EJB container. Transactions which are container managed require declarative syntax which will be used in the deployment descriptor.

14) Explain about deployment descriptor?
As the name indicated deployment descriptor refers to a configuration file which is deployed to a container. It is primarily used for deploying a module or application. Configuration requirements are also stated in a deployment descriptor and these should be followed by a developer while deploying an application.

15) Explain about the naming and directory services present in EJB?
Home interface implementation object can be found using JNDI and this feature is available for clients using EJB. The same Home interface can be found by using CORBA name service. Creation and deletion of EJBs can be done from home interface and client code can find entity beans.

16) Explain about J2EE application and its components?
Two components are present in a J2EE application they are web and enterprise Java bean. Enterprise Java bean consists of all the logic which is very much required for a web service to run. These can be stored as .jar file and can be deployed on an application server.

17) Explain about the method ready pool?
In this stage of operation bean contains an instance in its memory. This instance of memory is present in EJB container. These instances are created at the start up and a session context is set up and ultimately this data or instance is transferred to Method ready pool stage. If it doesn’t like it transfers it to remove stage.

Interview Questions on Windows

Windows Interview Questions

1) Describe and explain about values in Microsoft windows operating system?
At the bottom of the hierarchy are the entries, called values, which contain the information. Each value has three parts a name, a type, and the data. The name is just a Unicode string, often default if the directory contains only one value. The type is one of 11 standard types. The most common ones are Unicode string, a list of Unicode strings, a 32 bit integer, an arbitrary length binary number, and a symbolic link to a directory or entry elsewhere in the registry.

2) Explain about SAM in Windows?
SAM is generally called as Security account manager. The SAM subkey contains the user names, groups, passwords, and other account and security information needed for logging in. The SECURITY sub key contains general security policy information, such as minimum length for passwords, how many failed login attempts are tolerated, etc.

3) Explain about two major pieces in windows operating structure?
Windows 200o consists of two major pieces: the operating system itself, which runs in kernel model, and the environment subsystems, which runs in user mode. The kernel is a traditional kernel in the sense that it handles process management, memory management, file systems, and so on. The environment subsystems are somewhat unusual in that they are separate processes that help user programs carry out certain system functions.

4) Explain about HAL
HAL is a thin layer below the Kernel. The job of the hardware abstraction layer is to present the rest of the operating system with abstract hardware devices. These devices are presented in the form of machine-independent services that the rest of the operating systems and the drivers can use. By using the HAL services and not addressing the hardware directly, drivers and the kernel require fewer changes when being ported to new hardware.

5) Explain about control objects?
Control objects are those objects that control the system, including primitive process objects, interrupt objects, and two somewhat strange objects called DPC and APC. A DPC object is used to split off the non time critical part of an interrupt service procedure from the time critical part.

6) What are dispatcher objects?
The other kind of kernel objects are dispatcher objects. These include semaphores, mutexes, events, waitable timers, and other objects where threads can wait on. The reason that these have to be handled in the kernel is that they are intimately interwined with thread scheduling, which is a kernel task.

7) Explain cache manager?
The cache manager keeps the most recently used disk blocks in memory to speed up access to them in the event that they are needed again. Its job is to figure out what which blocks are probably going to be needed again and which ones are not. It is possible to configure Windows 2000 with multiple file systems, in which case the cache manager works for all of them, so each one does not have to do its own cache management. When a block is needed, the cache manager is asked to supply it.

8) Explain about device drivers?
Each device driver can control one or more I/O devices, but a device driver can also do things not related to a specific device, such as encrypting a data stream or even just providing access to kernel data structures. Device drivers are not part of the ntoskrnl.exe library. The advantage of this approach is that once a driver has been installed on a system, it is added to a list in the registry and is loaded dynamically when the system boots.

9) Explain about objects in Microsoft windows 2000?
Objects have a structure. Each object contains a header with certain information common to all objects of all types. The fields in this header include the objects name, the object directory in which it lives in objects space, security information and a list of process with open handles to the object. Each object header also contains a quota charge field, which is the charge levied against a process for opening an object.

10) What are sockets?
Sockets are like pipes, except that they normally connect processes on different machines. One process writes to a socket and another one on a remote machine read from it. Sockets can also be used to connect processes on the same machine, but since they entail more overhead than pipes, they are generally only used in a networking context.

11) What is a semaphore?
A semaphore is created using the CreateSemaphore API function, which can initialize it to a given value and define a maximum value as well. Semaphores are kernel objects and thus have security descriptors and handles. The handle for a semaphore can be duplicated using DuplicateHandle and passed to another process so that multiple processes can synchronize on the same semaphore.

12) Explain about winlogon.exe?
Winlogon.exe is also responsible for all user logins. The actual login dialog is handled by a separate program in msgina.dll to make it possible for third parties to replace the standard login with face print identification or something else other the name and password. After a successful login, winlogon.exe gets the user`s profile from the registry and from it determines which shell to run.

13) What is the function of Mapped page writer and modified page writer?
These functions periodically check to determine clean pages. If there are not, they take pages from the top of the modified list, write them back to disk, and then move them to the standby list. The former handles writes to mapped files and the latter handles writes to the paging files. The result of these writes is to transform dirty pages into clean pages.

14) What are the six states which the power manager can put the computer into?
The I/O manager is also closely associated with the power manager. The power manager can put the computer into any of the six states, they are
1)Fully operational
2)CPU power reduced, RAM and cache on, instant wake up
3)CPU and RAM on, CPU cache off, continue from PC.
4)CPU and cache off; RAM on;, restart from fixed address.
5)Hibernate: CPU, cache, and RAM off; restart from saved disk files.
6)OFF: Everything off; full reboot required.

15) Explain windows support for dynamic disks?
An interesting feature of windows 2000 is its support for dynamic disks. These disks may span multiple partitions and even multiple disks and may be reconfigured on the fly, without even having to reboot. In this way, logical volumes are no longer constrained to a single partition or even a single disk so that a single file system may span multiple drives in a transparent way

16) Explain about NTFS volume.
Each NTFS volume contains files, directories, bitmaps, and other data structures. Each volume is organized as a linear sequence of blocks, with the block size being fixed for each volume and ranging from 512 bytes to 64 KB, depending on the volume size. Most NTFS disks use 4-KB blocks as a compromise between large blocks and small blocks.

17) Explain the working of compression?
NTFS writes a file marked for compression to disk; it examines the first blocks in the file, irrespective of how many runs they occupy. It then runs a compression algorithm on them. If the resulting data can be stored in 15 or fewer blocks, the compressed data are written to the disk, preferably in one run. If the compressed data still take 16 blocks, the 16 blocks are written in uncompressed form. Then blocks 16-31 are examined to see if they can be compressed to 15 blocks or less.

Interview Questions on Hibernate

Hibernate Interview Questions

1) Explain about Hibernate?
Hibernate solves problems such as Object Relational impedance mismatch, etc. It is commonly used for object and query service. It helps data base developers develop classes which include inheritance, association, composition and polymorphism. A developer or user can express queries either in HQL or SQL.

2) Explain about the primary feature of Hibernate?
Primary feature of hibernate is to java classes to database tables. Data query and retrieval is also possible with Hibernate. Application portability is a key feature in Hibernate it allows developers to port applications to almost all SQL databases.

3) Explain about transparent persistence of Hibernate?
Transparent persistence is provided for Plain old Java objects or POJOs. For proper functioning of the applications importance should be given to the methods equals () and hash Code methods (). It has a requirement which should be strictly followed in the applications which is a no-argument constructor.

4) Explain about the dirty checking feature of Hibernate?
Dirty checking feature of the Hibernate allows users or developers to avoid time consuming data base write actions. This feature makes necessary updations and changes to the fields which require a change, remaining fields are left unchanged or untouched.

5) Brief about the Session factory interface?
It creates new hibernate sessions by referencing immutable and thread safe objects. Application using hibernate are usually allowed and desgined to implement single instance of the class using this interface. Only single instance of a class can be used which is using this interface.

6) Explain about session interface?
This represents hibernate session which perform the manipulation on the database entities. Some of the activities performed by session interface are as follows they are managing the persistence state, fetching persisted ones and management of the transaction demarcation.

7) Explain the steps involved in creating database applications with Java using Hibernate?
Creating Database applications with Java is made simpler with Hibernate. First Plain old java object needs to be written, XML mapping file should be created which shows relationship between database and class attributes. Hibernate APIs can be used to store persistent objects.

8) Explain about hibernate.cfg.xml?
Hibernate can be configured with two types of files out of which hibernate.cfg.xml is widely used and popular feature. Hibernate consults hibernate.cfg.xml file for its operating properties such as database dialect, connection string and mapping files. These files are searched on class path.

9) Explain about mapping description file?
Mapping description file is the second file which Hibernate uses to configure its functions. This mapping file has an extension *.hbm which instructs mapping between Java class and database tables. The usage of mapping description file rests entirely upon the business entity.

10) Explain about transaction file?
Transactions denote a work file which can save changes made or revert back the changes. A transaction can be started by session.beginTransaction() and it uses JDBC connection, CORBA or JTA. When this session starts several transactions may occur.

11) Explain about mapping files in Hibernate?
Mapping files forms the core of any database mapping tools. These files contain field to field mapping, usually this mapping occurs between classes and attributes. After mapping files they can be persist to the database. Tags can be used to indicate the presence of a primary key.

12) What is the effect when a transient mapped object is passed onto a Sessions save?
When a Sessions save () is passed to a transient mapped object it makes the method to become more persistent. Garbage collection and termination of the Java virtual machine stays as long as it is deleted explicitly. It may head back to its transient state.

13) Explain about version field?
Application level data integrity constants are important if you are making changes to offline information which is again backed by database. Higher level locking or versioning protocol is required to support them. Version field usage comes at this stage but the design and implementation process is left to the developer.

14) State some advantages of hibernate?
Some of the advantages which a developer can get from Hibernate are as follows: -
Mapping of one POJO table to one table is not required in hibernate.
It supports inheritance relationships and is generally a fast tool. Portability is necessary the greater benefit from hibernate. POJOs can be used in other applications where they are applicable.

15) Explain about addClass function?
This function translates a Java class name into file name. This translated file name is then loaded as an input stream from the Java class loader. This addclass function is important if you want efficient usage of classes in your code.

16) Explain about addjar() and addDirectory() methods?
These methods are the most convenient to use in hibernate. These methods allow you to load all your Hibernate documents at a time. These methods simplify code configuration, refactoring, layout, etc. These functions help you to add your hibernate mapping to Hibernate initialization files.

17) Explain about the id field?
This id field corresponds to the surrogate key which is generated by the database. These fields are handled by the id field. Name attribute is used to specify the names of the field and it should correspond to the method name of getid. This also should correspond to long type and the values should be stored I the database in the long column.

Interview Questions on JMS

JMS Interview Questions

1) What is JMS ?
Java messaging service specification is stated and developed by the Java Community process 914. This platform was developed to facilitate sending of messages between two or more clients. Service providers either use JMS or non-Java MO middleware.

2) What are the different elements present in JMS?
The different elements present in JMS are: -
* JMS provider, client, producer, consumer, message, topic and queue. Java client helps in processing and sending messages, this is the primary requisite for JMS to function.

3) Explain about JMS queue?
This acts as a queue where messages are removed once sent to the receiver. This acts as a storage area where messages or products are sent and ready to be accepted by the user. In this queue messages are sent in an orderly fashion and order.

4) Explain about point to point?
At the first point a producer posts a message to the receiver where it stays in a particular queue until the receiver opens the message from the queue. In this model predefining of the user is very important and in this form of model only one user will receive the message. During the process of the message it is not imperative for the user and sender to be online. Message opened is acknowledged.

5) What are the different places where you can use the JMS API?
The different places where JMS API can be used are as follows: -
1) Provider of the message need not depend upon the component of the user
2) Application running should not be affected by the components
3) Where component request of acknowledgement of message is not mandatory.
6) What are all the features of JMS API in J2EE platform?
EJB components, web components and application clients can send messages synchronously as well as receive the messages asynchronously from these applications
Messages can participate in distributed transactions
Asynchronous consumption of messages and implementation of concurrent processing are some of the features and benefits of using JMS in J2EE.
7) Explain about publish model?
This model of messaging is useful when the clients subscribe to a particular service of messaging. Both the client and consumer remain alien. This form of technology is fast gaining ground in commercial usage of messaging. This separates the application from the transport layer.
8) Detail about the features of publish model?
The following are the features of the publish model they are: -
1) Multiple clients or consumers can receive the message simultaneously.
2) Timing dependency is a factor between the client and publisher. Client will not receive messages unless the client remains active all the time. This can be eliminated when a client has durable subscription.
9) What are the three parts of the message?
A message has three parts they are
1) A message header : - Contains operational settings
2) Message properties: -Has settings for compatibility and selectors
3) Optional message body: -Info or message you want to convey.
10) Explain about session interface?
Session interface is an important concept which deals partly with the queue system. It is a single thread session where messages are sent in an order. It holds the messages if transaction phase is selected and it also has facility for roll back.

11) Explain about Connection factory interface?
This has settings which creates a connection between the client and JMS provider. These settings are accessed through portable interface and need not be changed every time. These settings are configured in JNDI namespace.
12) Explain about Connection interface?
This acts as a connection link once the settings are configured between the client and the service provider. It all depends upon the connection type where sessions are configured. Connection to the JMS can be created once the settings are compatible.
13) Explain about message listeners?
It acts as an asynchronous event handler for messages. It implements the message listener interface. A developer defines the actions which should be taken when the message arrives such as deleting, forwarding, etc. A queue connection can be initiated once this connection is defined.
14) Explain about message selector?
Message selector contains an expression and it acts like a string. The syntax is based on the SQL92 conditional expression. Create receiver, create durable subscriber and create subscriber has a form which allows a person to specify message selector as an argument.
15) Explain about map message?
Map message contains name/value pairs. Names are stored as strings and values are stores as primitives in Java programming language. Names can be accessed from the database with the help of enumerator. The way the entries are stored cannot be accessed.
16) Explain about the exception handling mechanism of JMS?
JMS Exception mechanism is the root class thrown by JMS API. All the exceptions generated by JMS API are handled by Catching JMS Exception. Some of the sub classes generated by the exception are as follows
1) InvalidclientIDException
2) JMSSecurityException etc.

17) Explain the creation of JMS Administered objects?
A topic should be created in the window in which clients were compiled. Here you can create a topic by the command j2eeadmin and name the topic as MyTopic. Argument specified at the last determines the destination. Verification of the queue should be done. j2eeadmin –listJmsDestination following command verifies whether the queue is created or not.

Interview Questions on Sybase

Sybase Interview Questions

1) Explain about the Sybase group?
Sybase exclusively focuses on mobilizing and managing information. It is known to be the third largest database

management company after Oracle and IBM. Sybase products on Investment banking are well known to the world over and it offers many customized solutions for business intelligence.

2) Explain about Sybase 365?
This product from Sybase is the world leader in messaging services through mobile. It distributes mobile content via MMS, SMS, UMTS and WAP. It process more than 8 billion messages monthly and with this product you have access to enterprise mobility anywhere.

3) State some of the products of Sybase?
Sybase has worlds leading products some of them are
* ASE
* Avantgo
* Power builder and power designer
* SQL ianywhere
* Sybase IQ
* Sybase replication server
* Sybase RTE
* Sybase data federation
* Main frame connect

4) Explain about the features of Sybase IQ?
Sybase IQ stores data base in the form of columns of data rather in rows. This storage model improves the accessibility and search criteria for the data. Performance of the search criteria improves greatly because it searches only columns rather than the rows and columns of the database. This is also environment friendly.

5) State some of the criticism about Sybase IQ?
Sybase storage systems are optimized for Dataware housing applications where data cannot be modified can be modified by searching and accessing the data.
Its column based search criteria gives high performance for search but it negates the writing capability to the data.
Performance for row based relational based databases is worse because it is very difficult for updating and modifying them.

6) Explain the structure of Adaptive server enterprise?
Structure of ASE installation hosts several databases and it comprises of one data server. Also system files occupy only one meta data. User databases are stored in the form of tables. Security and information privacy can be protected by setting permissions.

7) Explain about the Data integration suite features?
Data integration suite offers advanced development and management tools. Integration of data is very easy and efficient as you can navigate your data to a specified address without much difficulty. The five important features are ETL, Data federation, Replications, Real time events and search events.

8) Explain about Power Designer Data modeling software?
Power designer has two unique tools known as Link and Sync technologies. This technology offers Data base designers to design efficient data models through which one can offer efficient design. Also Data base designers can share resources among them which will improve the productivity and performance.

9) Explain about the mainframe connect tools from Sybase?
This connectivity tool gives access to high performance tools which connects you very fast to the main frame data sources. It gives you read and write access to databases. It also has a facility by which you can connect the main frame data to secondary data storage facilities.

10) Explain the benefits you can get from Mainframe connect?
These are the following benefits you can get from mainframe connect: -
1) Client applications can be enabled. External software’s can be connected to the mainframe connect for higher performance.
2) Mainframe applications connect to external data through LAN.
3) New applications can be created which enables you to connect to external data or source of information.

11) Explanation about replication server software?
Replication server software makes you to manage multiple data platforms very easily. Some of the features which it provides are heterogeneous replication and synchronization across various applications bi directionally. It provides services from the client to server and server to client.
12) Explain about Open switch business continuity software?
Open switch business software helps you to work on the back up system without any hassles making your primary database server secured. It gives you connectivity to the primary database from the secondary server even in the middle of the application.
13) Explain about Mirror Activator Disk mirroring?
This software works with storage replication systems and replicates the database to an available ASE or any database back up devices such as oracle. It increases the security of applications and also reduces the fail over time for data applications.
14) Give the benefits of Data integration suite?
Some of the benefits which you can get from a Data integration suite are
1) Flexibility: -This suite gives a greater flexibility to incorporate data from various sources such as web, file systems, etc and it can transfer this data to third party applications such as SQL, production systems, etc.
15) Explain about Enterprise scalability and ROI of Data integration suite?
Enterprise scalability provides increased capacity without any new addition of hardware. It increases the capacity by increasing the availability in the enterprise data layer.
ROI: - Streamlining of application projects and reducing data management costs, data federation increases ROI. Complexity and superior decision making choices make ROI best in its class.
16) Explain about ETL data integration software?
ETL supports data consolidation; it brings data from multiple sources and places it in a single repository. It brings scalable grid architecture for efficient management of data.
17) Explain about Mobile enterprise application enablement?
Custom based applications for mobiles, existing applications, etc can be brought onto a mobile phone with this suite. It provides core integration, messaging, synchronization, data management of mobile phone, etc. It enables information exchange and transportability between developers and enterprise systems.

Interview Questions on Struts

Struts Interview Questions

1) Explain about Struts ?
Apache is used for developing Java web applications. It has garnished huge popularity because open source web framework. It encourages developers to implement MVC architecture. It became a top priority project within the Apache Foundation and it is now known as Jakarta Struts.
2) Explain the core end goal while using Java Struts?
Struts are used to separate the three core functions of a web program. It separate`s the client, user, and the data transfer pattern in between the whole processes. It gives much more flexibility to the developer as it increases the security and flexibility between applications.
3) Explain about the process of functioning of the struts program?
Struts separates three process they are separating the model from view that is it separates the application logic from the HTML page which is used to represent the logic. Secondly it separates the message routing function which transmits information between model and view.
4) Explain about how requests from the client are sent?
Requests from the client are always sent to the controller defined in a configuration file in the form of “actions”. When the controller receives such a call from a specific file it calls for a corresponding “action” class. This action class in turn interacts with the application specific code for the necessary work to be done; this process is written in Java beans.
5) Explain about the library tag?
Library tag is a very powerful tag which is used to write code for Java beans programs. This tag gives a special permission to read and write the content of beans without any special form of embedded java code in the application.
6) Explain about Tiles?
Tiles allow template mechanism to be present in your components. You can compose a presentation layer from different components such as footer, header and content components. This form of composition helps in validating web forms much easier.

7) Explain about the future of Struts?
Struts is a very efficient language to build front end applications for Java. This language is facing tough competition from building Java components and web forms validation with much more easier and efficient form of frameworks such as Stripes, Spring MVC, Tapestry, etc.
8) Explain about the validation steps which have to be carried during validation of client side address?
These are the following steps which are to be carried for validating client side address they are: -
1) Validator plug in should be enabled to the system to start the process of validation.
2) A message resource should be created which can display error message to the client.
3) Validation rules should be defined by the developer for validation.
4) Relevant tags should be created to generate Java script code.
5) Last but not least the whole process of validation should be tested.
9) How do you create message resource?
Message resources are used to generate error messages they are primarily used by the validator framework. Lines of code or rules should be entered in the following lines which is Struts\strutsinfo\web\WEB-INF\ MessageResources.properties file.
10) Expain about Struts relation to HTML tags?
User interfaces are created with the help of struts HTML tag Library. If you wish to use a HTML tag to your code then it is imperative that you add this tag to your Java server pages. All tags present in the library are available for creating user interfaces.
11) Explain about the tag?
This tag is present in the HTML library provided by Struts. This tag informs the browser to pretend that the original tag is located at somewhere other than the current url. This tag is responsible in creating a base tag which gives a false impression to the user via browser about the exact location of the url.
12) Give an example where struts tiles may be used?
Tiles help the developer to create a template and a validator framework. If a developer is planning to develop a website where there would be almost 500 pages of static content and additional dynamic content then it is recommended for him to use template designed with the help of Tiles because it would help him in making necessary changes.
13) Describe the basic steps used to create a tiles application?
Tiles are useful in creating web applications. Some of the steps are
1) Adding the TLD to the web.xml file so that the application know about the librarys we are using.
2) A layout should be created with the help of JSP.
3) Designed and developed layouts should be used in creating pages.
4) Make the whole application adhere to the rules present and test it for any errors. Don’t forget to repackage the application.
14) How to upload struts file?
Org.apache.struts.upload.Formfile is known to be foremost interface for the upload function. This represents the files which have been uploaded by the client. Struts application directly references this interface. This class helps you in uploading files to the database. Here we uploaded a Formfile.
15) Explain about struts dispatch action?
Org.apache.struts.actions.Dispatchaction interface gives the user to collect all the information and functions into a single action file. This interface is very useful because it helps you in developing a common action for all the functions.
16) Explain the necessity of empty tag?
When the requested variable does not contain any information, (null or empty) then this tag is used to know the contents present in the other body parts of the tag. If the tag is nested then it is advisable to use this tag as it may contain a bit of information.

17) Explain about logic match tag?
This tag is used whenever the requested variable has a value which is present in the sub string. To evaluate the contents present in the nested tag, logic match is used. This tag is used when the requested value is present in the tag of the variable in which this value is present.

Interview Questions on SQL

SQL Interview Questions

1) Explain about SQL related to RDBMS?
SQL is known as structured query language. It is especially designed to retrieve and store information of data in relational database management systems. It creates, modifies and makes the data base object user access the control system. It is primarily specialized software for RDBMS.
2) Explain about SQL?
It is an interactive and programming language which is used to modify, manage, and to pass queries. It is an ANSI and ISO compliant language. SQL entirely depends upon its command language for modifications, changes, updating, etc to the database. Databases can also be accessible remotely with the help of Call level interface.
3) Explain about the original design and basics which gave life to SQL?
SQL was originally designed to be a declarative and data manipulation language. Additions to the language occurred because of addition of new features from vendors such as constructs, data types, extensions and control flow statements. Important extensions were added to SQL. Cross platform compatibility has been the main issue for SQL.
4) Explain about Call level interface present in SQL?
In depth explanation of this interface is present in ISO/IEC 9075-3:2003. This extension defines components which can be used to execute SQL statements written in other programming languages. This extension is defined in such a way that the statements and procedure calls from SQL be different from the applications source code.
5) Explain about the object language binding’s extension?
This extension is very useful if you are planning to use SQL in Java. This extension defines the syntax and procedure to follow for SQL embedded in Java. It also makes sure of the syntax and procedures to follow which ensures the portability of SQL embedded Java in binary applications.
6) Explain about XML related specifications?
XML is a very powerful DOM language. Often this language is used with many database applications as a front end, SQL acts as a backend to support the Database queries. This specification has several extensions which defines routines, functions, data type mappings, storage, etc.
7) Explain about the information and definition schemas?
This information and definition schema helps the user by giving necessary information about the tools and functions of SQL. It describes several tools and extensions some of them are object identifier, security, features provided by DBMS, authorization, values, sizing items, etc. This is defined by ISO specification.
8) State the several languages into which SQL is divided into?
SQL is divided into several sub divisions such as
• Statements
• Queries
• Expressions
• Predicates
• Clauses
• White space
• Statement terminator
9) Explain about predicates and statements?
Statements have a prolonged effect on the functioning and behavior of the data, care should be taken before defining a statement to the data. It may control transactions, query, sessions, connections and program flow
Predicates specified conditions which can be evaluated to three valued logic. Boolean truth values can limit the effect of the statements, program functioning, queries, etc.
10) Explain the ORDER BY clause?
Orderby clause identifies the columns which are used to sort the data and the order in which they should be sorted out. SQL query needs to specify orderby clause of they want the data to be returned in a defined manner of rows and columns.

11) Explain the where clause?
Where clause has a comparison predicate which restricts the number of rows as per the user generated query. This clause should be applied before the GROUP BY clause. This clause functions with the help of comparison predicate, when a comparison predicate does not evaluate a result to be true, all rows from the end result are deleted.
12) Explain about data retrieval?
Data retrieval syntax is often used in combination with data projection. This mechanism is used when there is a need for calculated result. This is used when there is a special need for calculated data and not the verbatim data, which is different from the way it was stored in the database.
13) Explain about the MERGE field?
MERGE is used when you need to combine more than one table for a user generated query. This field can be aptly said as a combination of INSERT and UPDATE elements. This field is also given a different name (upsert) in some versions of SQL
14) Explain about COMMIT and ROLLBACK?
COMMIT command is used if you are satisfied with the database and you don’t want any changes to be done to the database. Changes are permanent when you use COMMIT.
ROLLBACK changes or discards all the data prior to COMMIT command. Database changes are discarded when this command is used but it cannot change the COMMIT command.
15) Explain about Data definition?
Data definition Language is used to define new tables and elements associated with it. Some of the basic data definition language elements are CREATE, TRUNCATE, ALTER, RENAME, etc. These are used to control the non standard features of the database.
16) State about some criticisms of SQL?
These are some of the criticisms of SQL
1) Implementation features vary from vendor to vendor. There are many features such as data, time, comparison sensitivity, etc
2) All possible combinations can be implemented in the language which can give a result mislead.
3) Grammer of SQL is very complex
17) State some reasons for lack of portability?
There are several reasons for the lack of portability some of them are
1) Main reason is the DATE and TIME variation between databases.
2) Database is free to have its own style of implementation.
3) Ambiguity and less defined semantics of language.
4) Conflict of SQL standards between different vendors and in general specified rules and regulations.

Interview Questions on MS Access

Microsoft Access Interview Questions

1) Explain about Microsoft access?
Microsoft access name has been changed to Microsoft office access. This software incorporates relational database management system which combines GUI (graphical user interface) with Microsoft Jet database engine. It can import and use data from Access, SQL, oracle, etc. This software is used to build application software.

2) Explain about the various features present in MS Access?
Microsoft access has huge benefits for a programmer and end user. Some of the benefits are
• Relative compatibility with SQL and VBA.
• Microsoft SQL server desktop engine is embedded into the Access suite along with Jetdata base engine which can further help you in programming.
• MS Access allows forms to contain data which is altered as changes are made to the underlying table.
• It has features which support the creation of all objects in the underlying server.

3) State some of the uses of MS Access?
MS Access provides a huge range of functions some of them are
• It is used by small business, departments of large corporations, and by amateurs to create applications on their desktop for data applications.
• Access is very useful for small web based database applications hosted on IIS and using ASP.NET pages.
• It can be used as a RAD for building prototype and Stand alone applications.
• Access can be used as a frontend while the backend can be a ODBC compliant product.

4) Explain about the protection features present in MS Access?
If a programmer doesn’t wish to make changes to the document he can lock the document data and its code from further changes by changing the extension of the file system to .MDE. Changes can be made only to the file with an extension MDE. Tools are available in the market which can unlock and decompile the code but some changes to VBA or VB scripts are irreversible.

5) Name at least six file extensions of Microsoft Access?
Some of the file extensions present in MS Access are
• Access blank project template .adn
• Access database .accdb
• Access project .adp
• Access Workgroup .mdw
• Protected access database .accde
• Access workgroup .mdw

6) State the criteria which a trusted publisher should meet before adding him?
The following criteria should be met by the publisher before adding him to the list.
• The code project should have a digital signature of the publisher
• A valid digital signature should be in place
• Valid digital signature should not be expired
• Digital certificate which comes with digital signature should meet industry standards and specifications.
• Developer who is holding and signing the code project should be a trusted publisher.

7) How do you add a developer to a trusted publishers list?
Whenever a developer is signing into the code project you will have three options they are disable the macro, enable the macro and explicitly trusting the publisher. You can trust the publisher by allowing from the control panel of the windows. Always have an option left to enable or disable the macros because sensitive information regarding your code can be leaked out within fraction of seconds.

8) Explain about managing data tasks?
Data can be managed by using the features of Import text wizard and export text wizard. Here you can save the operation for future use. First you should edit the specification name after clicking it you can make changes to the text box. Path can also be changed by clicking and modifying the changes in text box. Changes to the description of the file name can be made by making a change in the text box and then saving the changes to the path, specification name by pressing enter.
9) How do you import data from another access database?
The process of importing data from another Access database follows these general steps they are.
• Preparing the document for import operation and make sure that extensions are not in .mde or .accde because in that extension you can import only tables.
• Source should be closed automatically when the process is completed
• Make sure that you have permission for read and write.
10) What happens if the both source and destination are named the same?
The import operation present in MS Access does not overwrite or modify any of the existing tables or objects. If both the source and destination are the same it makes sure that numbers are appended to the name of the source file. For example a table having a name as info will be renamed as info1.
11) Explain about relationships and look up fields?
Relationships are imported from the source to destination without any hindrance but once they land in the destination they can never be altered or changed and change of extensions cannot be of much help.
Lookup fields: -Make sure that you link tables, links, etc if you want to display look up values and not look up ids. Related table should be linked to the destination field for display of lookup values.
12) How do you create an append query?
Append query can be used if you would like to add new rows of data to an already existing table. The process of creating an append query follows these steps they are.
• Basic step should be to create a select query
• After selecting the query you need to append the query
• Destination fields should be selected for each column in the query
• Records can be appended by using the function to run.
13) State some of the uses append query?
Some of the uses of append query are as follows
• You will save time by appending data to an existing table rather than manual update.
• Appending files based on specific criteria is possible.
• If your destination file doesn’t have columns and rows you can add certain columns and rows thus ignoring the rest of them.
• Append can save time and labor when dealing with large database updation.
14) State some criteria`s and their effects on a database?
It is possible to enter one or more criteria in the rows which can affect your database significantly.
>=”Callahan” this returns all the various records from Callahan to the end of the alphabet.
Date() This field returns all the data pertaining to the current date.
‘’’’ This is used when you want to know all records which contain zero length string. This can be useful to know whether your customers have fax numbers or so.
15) Detail about how you can import a sharepoint list?
Importing a sharepoint list to an access database gives you a range of flexible convenient options first a copy is made into the access database after which you can specify the lists which you would like to copy. Also you have an option to copy an entire list or only a specific file. Also import operation creates a table in access which copies the entire fields and records specified into the Access.

16) Explain the steps for this message “could not delete from the specified tables”?
This error is caused by delete query and when the unique property is set to no.
Following are the steps which should be taken to solve the problem.
1) Delete query should be opened and if it is not opening then press F4
2) Clicking the query properties underneath the query designer will give you options.
3) In that options you need to locate unique records property and should set it to yes. These options are present in query property sheet.

17) Explain about creating a report tool by using the report tool and report wizard?
Report tool creates a report very fast because it will not ask you for much information for creating your report. It displays the entire field but it may not be the polished data source you are opting for.
Report wizard allows you to create a table by giving you options on what to appear and what not to appear. You can specify the relations, grouping and sorting between the tables.

Interview Questions on UML

UML Interview Questions

1) Explain what is UML?
UML is defined as a standard visual specification language and it is primarily used for object modeling. It uses graphical notation for creating an abstract model of a system. This model is also referred as UML model. UML helps a developer work easy by allowing him to concentrate on design and architecture. It can represent an object in terms of family of graphical notations.

2) Explain about the methods in UML?
UML was created to support the methods of its era, but gradually UML also evolved in nature thus paving a better support to object oriented methods. Rational unified process and many UML supported methods such as Dynamic systems method and Abstraction methods have been designed to provide solutions.

3) What are the three different view of a system model?
UML diagrams present three different view of a system they are: -
* Functional requirements view
* Static structural view
* Dynamic behavior view
Models can be interchanges among UML by the use of XMI interchange format.

4) Explain about dynamical behavior view?
Dynamical behavior view plays a very important in determining relationships and behavior of the system. This view depicts collaboration among objects and the effective changes to the internal states of objects. This includes activity, sequence and state machine diagrams.

5) Explain about the static structural view presented by UML?
Static structural view determines the static structure of the system. It uses attributes, relationships, objects and operations. Static structural view includes composite structure and class diagrams.

6) Explain about executable UML?
Executable does not use full functionality and standards as present in UML. Although there are many constructs present in UML all of them are not used for designing, executable UML uses only limited number of constructs.

7) Detail whether UML can be used as a programming language?
UML can be used as a programming language but it has to garner programmers and developers for it to become as a programming language. It is not so much productive than the other languages; it can be used if its productivity increases. It is well suited for the graphical development environments.

8) Detail the meaning of association?
There are five types of association but importance is given to only two they are Bidirectional and unidirectional. It represents a family of links. Binary associations are represented by two ends and they are connected to class box. Higher order associations can have more than two ends.

9) Explain about aggregation?
Aggregation gives a much more detail than association. In aggregation you can name it and it can have same adornments. It may not be involved with more than two classes. It can have a collection of classes but its classes are not dependent on the life cycle. It`s contents are not destroyed even when its classes are destroyed.

10) Explain about composition?
Composition has a stronger variant and is represented by a diamond. It has a strong life cycle dependency. When a container is destroyed elements or classes present in the container are also destroyed although you will have the facility to remove the classes from the relationship.

11) Explain about realization and its relationships?
Realization is represented as a dashed line with empty arrow pointing towards the supplier on the diagram editor. It forms a relationship between interfaces, packages and components. It shows the relationships offered by the interface.

12) Explain about dependency?
This form of relationship exists when a change to a certain element changes the definition and structure of the other element as well. This is indicated by a pointing arrow from the dependent side to the independent side. This form of relationship can exist between classes and inheritance.

13) State some benefits of iterative development?
Some of the benefits offered by iterative development are as follows: -
1) Mitigation of risks in an earlier stage
2) Visibility of progress
3) Feedback, adaptation and engagement.
4) Complexity management
5) Iteration management can improve the overall process of the project because it details and explains the various steps present in it.

14) Explain about package diagram?
Package diagram shows different logical groups and depicts the dependencies among these diagrams. Package diagrams are designed to increase internal coherence and minimize external coherence. This can also give a good idea about the work flow structure.

15) What are the basic notational elements which can make up a diagram?
1)Filled circle denotes the initial state
2)Hollow circle depicts the final state
3)Rounded rectangle is like a class and below it are the functions or activities.
4)Transitions are indicated by a arrow
5)Horizontal lines denote join or relationship between two parts

16) State some of the criticisms present with UML?
Some of the disadvantages presented by UML are as follows
1) Language bloat: - This language is very long in length and complex to understand. Infrequent and redundancy elements are present in UML which retards the learning of the subject.
2) Confusion is overwhelming when using UML due to lack of proper abstract notation.

17) Explain about the difficulties of interchange format of UML?
XML standard should allow interchange of UML models but it is not the case scenario practically. Portability of the language from one format to another format is not possible and lack of information can be possible in the course. It also lacks sufficient details which make it impossible for interchange between modeling tools.

Interview Questions on Java Script

JavaScript Interview Questions

1) Explain in brief about Java script?
Java Script, originally supported by netscape navigator, is the most popular web scripting language. Java Script lets you embed programs right in your web pages and run these programs using the web browser. With the introduction of dynamic html necessity of Java Script is becoming more of a necessity.

2) Explain about the structured programming features of Java Script?
Java script supports most of the structured programming syntax present in “C” language. It doesn’t support scoping which is present in C programming in block style. It also supports various forms and methods of testing the type of an object which also includes the famous duck type testing.

3) Explain about inner functions and closures present in Function level programming?
Each time the outer function is invoked an inner function is created. Variables for the outer function still continue to exist as long as the inner function exists. This process continues until invocation exists. This is the how closures work within the JavaScript with all its functionalities.

4) Explain functions as object constructors?
If you prefix a new with a function call creates a new object and you can call that functions with a local keyword which is attached to that object. Object prototype property determines the functions prototype property. These functions act as object constructors along with their normal properties.

5) Explain functions as methods?
There is no big distinction between function definition and method definition. The only difference occurs when you actually call that function as a method which inturn is attached to an object. When the function is called in this manner its local keyword is bound to that object.

6) Explain about run time environment of Javascript?
Java script does not have a sophisticated run time of its own but it relies on the web browser of the client. It relies on this run time environment for its functions and methods to perform their duties by which scripts can interact with the user.

7) Explain about Variadic functions?
When you use variadic function in Javascript, an indefinite number of parameters can be passed onto the function. Inturn the function can access the parameters through formal parameters and local arguments. Variadic functions are much successful when you need to assign different number of parameters to functions.

8) State some simple usages with Javascript?
Some of the simple usages with Javascript are
1) A new pop up window can be made and changed according to the requirements such as no menus, scroll bars, etc.
2) Validation of input values submitted by the user through a web form.
3) Mouse over effects, scroll effects etc which can be changed by the scroll of the mouse pointer over a certain image, etc.
9) What is a JavaScript engine?
Java Script engine was first created by Netscape navigator. This engine interrupts the java script code and executes accordingly. The most common Java Script user interface is the web browser. Java script engine was created by Brendan.

10) Explain about the security functions presents in JavaScript?
As JavaScript uses Web as an interface it gives an ample scope for users to transfer malicious scripts. Most of the JavaScript related breaches and wrong doings are due to sandbox or same origin policy.

11) What are the precautions taken by the web browsers to contain malicious activity with Java Script?
Java script activities are restricted by web browsers in two ways they are.
1) First scripts run in sandbox which performs the most basic functions such as executing or running the code or script. This doesn’t allow programming activities.
2) Scripts present in one site cannot have access to other sites; this is done with the help of same origin policy.

12) What are the rare cases when Java Script will not function?
These are the following cases when Java Script will not function.
1) An old browser which doesn’t support DOM.
2) PDA or Mobile Phone will not execute Java Script.
3) Security reasons will not allow optimal performance of Jscript.
4) Speech browsers will not allow the functioning of Jscript.

13) Explain about Cross site scripting?
Cross site scripting raises security threats during execution and secured data transfer through web sites. It uses same origin policy. When a malicious script is made to run it discloses private information to the wrong person. This occurs because some one clicks on the request sent by the wrong doer.

14) Explain about arrays in Java Script?
Array maps everything from an integer to Values. Objects map everything from values to integers, Javascript specialize in certain special functions through which they can include integer indicies in their behavior. Large indicies can be removed if the length of the array specified is very small.

15) Explain about defining numbers in Java Script?
Java Script represents numbers in the form of IEEE-754 doubles. This form of representation provides accuracy upto 14-15 significant digits. They represent fractions but not the decimal numbers to an extent. To perform explicit numeric conversion you can use Number constructor.

16) Explain about strings in JavaScript?
Strings are represented as a sequence of characters in Javascript. Strings can be created when you place characters between double quotations or single quotations. Individual characters can be accessed by arrays.

17) Explain about the Boolean functions present in Javascript?
Three Boolean operators are present in Javascript they are
1) &&
2) II
3) /
All the operators are regarded as true unless the Javascript regards them as false. You can define these operators to make as statement false number0, null, undefined, or a string of length 0, etc. Boolean function performs these conversions explicitly.

Interview Questions on XML

XML Interview Questions

1) Explain and describe about XML?
XML is defined as an extensible markup language because it gives the user to define his own elements. It facilitates transfer and sharing of structure data across various platforms and particularly through internet. It is also used to serialize and encode data.
2) Write about well formed and valid XML documents?
There are two levels of correctness for an XML document they are
1) Well formed XML documents
2) Correctness document
A well formed document is one which has appropriate starting and closing tags and it should primarily meet the standards laid out in the XML guidelines. In a well formed document well a conforming parser is not allowed to parse it.
A valid document contain additional rules such as user defined guidelines, XML schema, DTD, Guidelines laid down as per the rules and regulation present in the format. A validating parser is not allowed to parse it.
3) Explain about the DTD features?
This is the oldest form of format for XML is DTD. The full form for DTD is document type definition and it is inherited from SGML. It can be said that inclusion of DTD has increased the popularity of XML but DTD has its share of limitations.
1) DTD does not have features to support new inclusions such as namespaces.
2) Certain aspects of XML do not correlate with DTD.
3) Due to its inheritance from SGML it uses a non XML syntax.

4) Explain about the techniques for processing XML files?
There are traditional techniques to process XML files and out of these some of them are.
1) Using SAX API and a programming language
2) Using DOM API and a programming language
3) Using filter and transformation engine
4) Data parsing and pull parsing are also used for convenience.

5) State some advantages of XML
These are some of the main advantages of XML.
1) XML is text based
2) Information written in human language can be understood by XML due to its Unicode structure.
3) This is used for formatting language and data either offline or online.
4) It supports most of the documents
5) It is platform independent which makes it very easy to use.

6) State some disadvantages of XML?
These are some of the disadvantages regarding XML
1) XML syntax is large when compared to binary representations and is redundant.
2) Due to redundancy it occupies much higher memory and this increases costs on transmission, storage and processing costs.
3) Overlapping relationships require extra effort.
4) XML namespaces are problematic and namespace support can be difficult to implement in XML.

7) Explain about XML data binding?
XML data binding allows the user to access the information in XML format rather than in the format of DOM. Data is referred and stored in the computer memory as an object in the form of an XML document. Some information requires different approach to store it in the format of an object. As the data contains links it is always not easy to preserve the data in the form of an object.
8) Explain about DOM interface?
DOM interface and its specifications are modulated by world wide consortium. DOM allows the user to transfer the entire content of a document into an object. In DOM the entire package is loaded into the memory and then it is modulated into nodes of tree after which the entire document is converted into an object which makes it easier.
9) Explain about XML namespaces?
Namespaces are guided by the guidelines of w3c. These are used to uniquely identify the named elements and attributes of an XML document. As XML supports human interpreted language and structure it is necessary for namespaces to differentiate different elements present in an XML document. It is declared using XML attribute xmlns and the value of it should be Uniform resource identifier.
10) How do you display XML with XSLT?
XSLT is the recommended style sheet for XML and it is very popular. To display XML with XSLT one has to convert XML into HTML before displaying it in the browser. Different browsers interpret XSLT in different ways which makes it a necessary to amend changes to XSLT on the server.

11) State and explain about XML encoding errors?
When loading an XML document you have two kinds of errors they are
1) Invalid character found
2) Switch from current encoding
You would obtain an invalid character found error if your XML document contains non ASCII characters. When your document contains ASCII characters make sure that you save the document as ASCII characters with encoding
Switch from current encoding is obtained if your XML was saved as double byte where the actual specification for the document was single byte.
12) Describe about the syntax rules which form the XML documents?
Some of the basic syntax rules which are to be implemented are
1) XML documents should have a root element
2) They should have a closing tag
3) Make sure that you type exact case, as these documents are case sensitive.
4) These elements should be properly nested
5) Attribute elements must be quoted correctly.
13) Explain about XQuery?
Xquery is a useful query language which is designed to query XML data and it is very useful in making changes to query. Its subset is Xpath. This XQuery is formed from the experts of w3c. This facilitates extraction of data from many different databases. This can be rightly said that in future it will be used as SQL.
14) State some features of XQuery.
Some of the features which are present in XQuery language are as follows: -
1) Logical and physical data independence
2) Declarative
3) High level
4) Side effect free
5) Strongly typed language
15) Explain about XML signature?
XML signature is recommended by w3c. It acts as a digital signature for XML documents. This technology is used by various technologies such as SAML, SOAP, etc. You can use this technology whenever you can access a specific XML document in a URL. If the signature is contained outside the document then it is called as a detached signature. When it is contained inside the document then it is called as enveloping signature.
16) Explain about XML Canonicalization?
Often it happens that documents are identical in many different ways either logical of statistical. It becomes a major problem when you try to sign a digital signature on two identical documents, to eliminate this problem you have to use Canonicalization which helps people in identifying two similar documents with similar digital signature. Similar documents use Canonicalization to identify similar patterns and signature.
17) Explain about core validation?
During the process of XML validation two processes are followed which are
1) Reference validation and
2) Signature validation
Record digest value is used to verify digital signature. In signature validation a process called Canonicalization is used, in this key info is used to verify the signature.

Interview Questions on Data Base

Database Interview Questions

1) Explain about what a database is?
Database is an important constituent for collection and storage of data. A computer database uses software for managing its huge pool of database. It also uses software to make changes automatically to the database without any outside interference.

2) Explain about the database management systems.
Database management systems use specialized software to store the database, make necessary changes, securing the database, etc. These DBMS are categorized according to the work they do. Much of the DBMS and its applications are primarily not designed for data they are designed for concurrency, performance, integrity, and failure troubleshooting.

3) Explain about object oriented databases?
Object oriented databases are used to store much more complex data. They were designed to store information related to multimedia, spatial and engineering databases. Some of the databases even stored data about software’s repositories. This was adopted in late ninety`s and new features were added.

4) Explain about XML databases?
XML databases came into existence in 2000. Many of the new startups were also started. This database lets you organize data irrespective of whether it is organized or not. Arranging and complexity for storing data is significantly got reduced with the language.

5) Explain about the hierarchical model of database?
If you can imagine a tree with branches then you know to work with this database. It has a downward link to describe the nesting and they are arranged in a particular order down the same level of the list. With this database model you can form a logical relationship among different types of data.

6) Explain about Network model?
Network is complex, time consuming and costly. This model of storing database has many parents and finding a logical relationship between them is extremely difficult. This model provides greater flexibility and easy access to data. Navigating through links is a easy way to search for data.

7) What are the three basic rules which are to be followed for relational model of database?
There are three basic rules to follow for relational database they are
1) It least bothers about order of the columns
2) No clones or identical rows allowed.
3) Each and every row will have a value for each column.

8) Explain about relational database?
This is the basic structure representation of the data it is represented in the form of rows and columns. Columns represent the attributes and rows represent the instances of a data. This form of model came into existence from mathematical concept of relations.

9) Explain about primary key?
A primary holds a unique key for each row designated in the table. Keys are often used to combine more than two tables, columns, or rows. Keys should be defined in advance before and it will be too late to define them later.

10) Explain about relational operator join?
Often when a user generates a query data is sent to the requested user by combining data from many pages. This data is represented in a non orderly fashion which is made into order by the relational operator join. There are many other operators other than join.

11) Explain about the process of user request and data generating?
Users request information and this request is transformed into a special language usually that would be the dialect in sql. This dialect would be given to the appropriate software for culminating the database for appropriate presentation to the end user. Usually sql queries are increasingly being embedded into software.

12) Explain about normal forms?
Databases are categorized into different forms based upon the anomalies to which they are vulnerable. Lowest rung of database is known as normal form of first order. A first order normal form is subjected to many types of vulnerabilities. A higher database cannot be subjected to any vulnerability. You can get more info about Databases at Database Guides.

13) Explain about relational database management systems?
Relational database systems take the model and form of relational model. Data is represented in the form of columns and rows which are later represented by relation operators. Explicit pointers will not interfere between tables.

14) Explain about post relational databases?
Post relational databases are similar to relational database management systems but they have pre dated relational model of data representation. This model doesn`t require representation of data with relationship. A perfect example can be a tree with nodes represented in a directed graph.

15) Explain about the Storage and physical database design?
Databases can be stored in many forms. They are usually stored on hard disks in many different forms in the form of flat files, hash buckets, ISAM, etc. Data can be stores by partitioning the data. Normalization and de normalization is generally used for efficient storage of database and also for memory management.

16) Explain the role of indexing in databases?
Many of the databases take advantage of indexing to increase the speed. This technology has increased immensely since it`s inception stages. During indexing if a row matches the query it is automatically generated and given to the user. In RDBMS indexes can be created and dropped without changing the existing application.

17) State the ACID rules?
Some of the acid rules stated are described as follows.
1) Atomicity: -Either transactions should be done or they should be stopped
2) Consistency: - Data should never be in a contradictory state
3) Isolation: - Two simultaneous or preceding results should never interfere with each other.
4) Durability: -Results or Data shouldn`t be discarded even during a crash of the system.